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The recall of Grey did not solve the problem, as Grey, an autocrat, could not work with the elected Ministers, nor did his presence prevent the confiscation of land belonging to the Maoris, whether friendly or hostile. It was under the sympathetic administration of Sir Donald McLean as Native Minister that the dispute finally died down. These hostilities were confined to the North Island; and, in the meantime, in large alluvial deposits of gold had been discovered in the South Island—leading to a tremendous influx of population and an alteration of the economic structure of the country. This discovery, by its increase of wealth, allowed the South Island to obtain a lead in commercial and political development which it long maintained.

Moreover, with the subsequent agrarian expansion, especially in the development of the large pastoral holdings, the country ceased to be merely self-sufficient agriculturally, but began to develop a substantial export trade, mainly in wool. These factors, together with freedom from strife with the Native population, led after to a quickening in political activities. Under the leadership of Sir Julius Vogel a policy of extensive borrowing for railway and road construction was begun, and the Provincial Assemblies, whose parochialism had frequently proved obstructive, were abolished.

To provide for local administration after this abolition, the Counties Act and the Municipal Corporations Act were passed in Of great social significance was the passing in of the Education Act, making education free, compulsory, and secular, while the laying during that decade of the first cable between Australia and New Zealand was a major advance in communications. By the abolition of plural voting in , and the introduction of female suffrage in , the way was opened for a practical expression of political convictions by all adult members of the community. In John Ballance, as leader of the Liberal party, became Premier, to be followed on his death in by Richard John Seddon, and during the next decade the legislative essays of this party evoked world-wide interest.

The main aim of the legislation was social justice, and its principal manifestations were in land-division, the establishment of the Arbitration Court, and the introduction of old-age pensions. The policy of land-division aimed at closer land-settlement, and it was achieved by the compulsory subdivision of largo estates, was subsequent loans to small independent farmers wishing to establish themselves. In inaugurating the Arbitration Court the object was to eliminate strikes by giving labour a recognized bargaining status; and the enactment was in accord with the enlightened code of labour legislation passed at that time.

The refrigerated trade had been successfully established in , and its development had made the policy of closer settlement possible, since the production of meat and dairy-produce for export encouraged more intensive farming. There thus arose a new farming class which in , some five years after Seddon's death, was mainly responsible for the overthrow of the Liberal regime. In the meantime the country had ceased to be a colony and had been raised to the status of a Dominion, this change taking place from 26th September, The policy of the succeeding Reform party, whose leader was William Ferguson Massey, was one favouring agricultural production.

Farming interests were given constant encouragement by a series of enactments of which the extension of rural-credit facilities was typical. Three years after the advent of the Reform party the Great War of broke out, leading to the formation of a Coalition Government and an Imperial commandeer of exports. War activities were marked by heavy casualty lists, in proportion to the population, and by enhanced cordiality in Imperial relations.

One noteworthy outcome of the war commandeer was the precedent given for the establishment, after the war, of Control Boards to regulate the export of pastoral products. Though the effects of the post-war depression during the period showed themselves in an increase in unemployment and slight wage-reductions, no drastic legislation was necessary to stabilize economic conditions.

During the following years the price-level rose; and, from the administrative side, it was characterized by extensive public-works expenditure, with particular attention to hydro-electric schemes and highways. Owing to the encouragement given to farming, pastoral production constantly expanded, so that New Zealand became one of the world's greatest exporters of pastoral produce. As a consequence, her national income was extremely sensitive to price-fluctuations of these products; be that, with the advent of the depression in , her economic position became extremely vulnerable.

In order to produce balanced budgets, both public and private, various legislative remedies were attempted. In particular, enactments were passed providing for unemployment relief, for the suspension of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, for the establishment of a Reserve Bank, for a mortgage moratorium, for raising the exchange-rate, and for reductions in interest-rates and wages. With the recovery in price-levels and consequent general economic revival, amendments were made to several of these Acts, removing the more stringent measures.

The election of a Labour Government in led to extensive amendments to pre-existing labour laws and the introduction of new measures towards the formation of a more liberal code of social legislation. Among the more important of these were the restoration of the full jurisdiction of the Arbitration Court, the introduction of the principle of compulsory membership of trade-unions, the substitution for the previous system of non-contributory civil pensions of a system of monetary benefits on a contributory basis, and the inauguration of a system of medical and hospital benefits.

Major legislative features which affected primary producers were the Mortgagors and Lessees Rehabilitation Act, which made provision for the adjustment of excessive mortgage indebtedness, and the Marketing Act, which introduced the principle of guaranteed prices to farmers and gave the State full powers of control in the marketing of primary produce.

Another feature of Labour administration was a resumption and expansion of public works, which had been seriously curtailed during the previous period of financial stringency. At a later stage a recession in overseas funds, at a time when overseas loans were maturing, necessitated the inauguration of import control, and in addition re-emphasized the desirability of a more self-contained national economy.

The outbreak of war in September, , resulted in New Zealand aligning herself with Great Britain, and, in addition to the despatch of an expeditionary force, the country has placed its export surplus at the disposal of the United Kingdom Government. Of the constitutional events in later years the passing by the Imperial Parliament of tae Statute of Westminster in December, , was of major importance. The draft of this statute was submitted for the confirmation of the various Dominion Legislatures before its passage through the Imperial Parliament.

The purpose of the statute was to confer complete autonomy upon the various Dominions, but New Zealand, in common with Australia and Newfoundland, preferred to leave matters as they stood, and at their request it was provided that the operative parts of the statute should not apply to these Dominions until adopted by them. Up to the present time September, the statute has not been adopted by the New Zealand Parliament. The year marked the centenary of the Proclamation of British sovereignty in New Zealand. The historical significance of the event was accorded country-wide recognition, though the war situation necessitated modification, in some instances, of the original programme.

The principal celebration was the Centennial Exhibition held in Wellington from 8th November, , to 4th May, This project, which was promoted by a public company, received material support from the Government. In addition to direct financial assistance, numerous Government Departments provided displays which participated in a general scheme portraying the development and economic resources of the Dominion. Displays were also undertaken by a number of other Empire countries, and the exhibition provided the usual recognized facilities for education and amusement.

Under the New Zealand Centennial Act, , the Government took the responsibility for co-ordinating and controlling celebratory activities throughout the Dominion; thus overlapping was avoided, and, as recommended by the important Historical Committee, individual historical events were given appropriate observance. Through the provision of subsidies for approved provincial and local centennial memorials the Government exercised a large measure of financial control, a condition of the subsidies being that, where possible, memorials should be in the form of public amenities.

Of the many governmental undertakings in connection with the centenary the more important, in addition to those mentioned, were the production of historical publications, the issuing of special stamps and coins, and the sponsoring of literary competitions and music festivals. For detailed information, reference should be made to the many excellent books dealing with the subject, of which the more recent ones were listed in the General Bibliography appearing in the and previous issues of this volume.

The powers, duties, and responsibilities of the Governor - General and the Executive Council under the present system of responsible government are set out in Royal Letters Patent and Instructions thereunder of 11th May, , published in the New Zealand Gazette of 24th April, p. In the execution of the powers and authorities vested in him the Governor-General must be guided by the advice of the Executive Council, but, if in any case he sees sufficient cause to dissent from the opinion of the Council, he may act in the exercise of his powers and authorities in opposition to the opinion of the Council, reporting the matter to His Majesty without delay, with the reasons for his so acting.

In any such case any member of the Executive Council may require that there be recorded in the minutes of the Council the grounds of any advice or opinion that he may give upon the question. The present Executive Council consists of fourteen members in addition to the Governor-General, and also in addition to the two members of the War Cabinet who are not members of the ordinary Cabinet.

Two members, exclusive of His Excellency or the presiding member, constitute a quorum. Authority is also given in the Civil List Act for the appointment of either one or two Maoris or half-castes as members of the Executive Council representing the Native race.

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The present Government, shortly after assuming office, instituted a scheme whereby the services of all parliamentary representatives of the Government party might be co-opted to assist Ministers in bringing the Government's policy into effect. As part of this plan, Ministers are sharing a portion of their authorized salaries with other Government parliamentary representatives. Two appointments on the 16th July, , were made under this heading. In providing for the appointment of Parliamentary Under-Secretaries, by the Civil List Amendment Act, , an innovation was made in executive control in New Zealand; but, up to the present only one appointment has been made in this connection this appointment has since been terminated.

The Imperial Act under which the earliest appointments were made to the Legislative Council under a system of responsible government provided that the first appointees should be not less than ten in number. The number actually summoned for the first session held at Auckland from 24th May, was sixteen, of whom only fourteen attended. The number increased irregularly for thirty years.

In and it stood at fifty-three, but has not since reached that limit. The number of members at present September, is An Act of the Imperial Parliament in provided that future appointments of Councillors should be made by the Governor not by the Sovereign. Until members were appointed for life, but since that year appointments have been made for seven years only, members, however, being eligible for reappointment.

Prior to the Speaker was appointed by the Governor, but the Council now effects its own Speaker, who holds office for five years. The Chairman of Committees was formerly elected every session, but in the standing orders were amended to provide for a three years' term of office. Speaker and Chairman are both eligible for re-election.

Provision for an elective Legislative Council is contained in the Legislative Council Act, , which may be brought into operation at a date to be specified by Proclamation. The qualifications for membership of the Legislative Council are the same as for the House of Representatives see post , with the proviso that a person may not at the same time be a member of both Houses.

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Prior to women were not eligible for appointment to the Legislative Council, but this restriction was removed by the Statutes Amendment Act, Before the year the honorarium of Councillors was understood to be for the session, not for the year, and formed the subject of a special vote every session, the amount varying in different sessions. Besides the honorarium, members are allowed travelling-expenses actually incurred in going to and from Parliament at the opening and closing of each session.

Subject to certain exemptions, members not attending the Council are liable to be fined. The number of members constituting the House of Representatives is eighty—seventy-six Europeans and four Maoris. Legislation passed in fixed the number of European members at forty-one; in , at fifty-three; in , at fifty-seven; in , at seventy; in , at seventy-two; in , at seventy-four; in , at eighty-four; in , at ninety-one; in , at seventy; and in , at seventy-six.

By the Maori Representation Act, , which is still in force, as embodied in the Electoral Act, , four Maori members were added, three for the North Island and one for the South. After each population census the Dominion is divided anew into seventy-six European electorates, according to population distribution.

In the allocation of electorates an addition is made to rural populations so that the number of rural electorates, in proportion to their population, is higher than urban electorates. It was reduced in to 18 per cent. Quinquennial Parliaments, instituted under the Constitution Act, were abolished by the Triennial Parliaments Act, , which fixed the term at three years.

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General elections have been held at three-yearly intervals since , with a few exceptions. The term of the nineteenth Parliament was during the War extended to five years by special legislation, and that of the twenty-fourth and subsequent Parliaments to four years under the Electoral Amendment Act, By the Electoral Amendment Act, , the three-year term was restored, but on account of war conditions, the term of the twenty-sixth Parliament has been extended to four years by the Prolongation of Parliament Act, Under the Electoral Act, , every registered elector of either sex, but no other person, is qualified to be a Parliamentary candidate.

Though women's suffrage has been operative since , women were not eligible as Parliamentary candidates until the passing of the Women's Parliamentary Rights Act, , the provisions of which are now embodied in the Electoral Act, Under the Electoral Act public servants were prohibited from being elected, but this prohibition has been removed by the Political Disabilities Removal Act, , which provided that if elected they immediately cease to be public servants.

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Travelling-expenses to and from Wellington at the opening and closing of each session are also allowed. The election of a Speaker is the first business of a now House after the members have been sworn. A Chairman of Committees is elected as soon afterwards as is convenient. Both Speaker and Chairman of Committees hold office until a dissolution, and receive payment until the first meeting of a new Parliament. Twenty members, inclusive of the Speaker, constitute a quorum. Since the abolition of plural voting in and the introduction of women's suffrage in every person twenty-one years of age or over has had the right to exercise a vote in the election of members for the House of Representatives.