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These limits excluded small portions of the extreme north of the North Island, and of the extreme south of Stewart Island. The minor islands mentioned earlier were thus brought within the extended boundaries of New Zealand, being assigned to the appropriate province on the occasion of the Proclamation dividing the country into two provinces. The number of provinces was increased in later years, though all were finally abolished in By Proclamation bearing date 21 July the Kermadec Islands were declared to be annexed to and to become part of the then colony of New Zealand.

By Proclamation of 10 June the Cook Islands, and all the other islands and territories situate within the boundary lines mentioned earlier, were included as from 11 June The Territory of Western Samoa was formerly administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be administered on his behalf by the Government of New Zealand, and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 17 December This draft agreement replaced the original mandate and thus brought the Territory within the framework of the international trusteeship system established under the United Nations Charter.

Under the new agreement the New Zealand Government assumed direct responsibility for the administration of Western Samoa. The agreement was approved by the General Assembly on 13 December Moves have been made towards self-government for Western Samoa, and attainment of independence is tentatively set at 1 January On 1 October a form of Cabinet government was established in Western Samoa.

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The region was named the Ross Dependency. From time to time laws for the Dependency have been made by regulations promulgated by the Governor-General of New Zealand. The Dependency was normally uninhabited. However, part of the Dependency became in the base for the New Zealand expedition to the Antarctic, and occupancy of the base camps has continued through into while scientific research, survey, and exploration have been further developed. By Imperial Orders in Council of 4 November the Tokelau Islands consisting of the islands of Fakaofo, Nukunono, and Atafu, and the small islands, islets, rocks, and reefs depending on them, a total area of only four square miles were excluded from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, and placed under the administration of the Governor-General of New Zealand.

In accordance with a provision of the second of these Orders in Council, the Governor-General's authority and power in connection with the administration of the islands were, by New Zealand Order in Council of 8 March , delegated to the Administrator of Western Samoa. With the exception of the low-lying North Auckland Peninsula, the New Zealand landmass lies along a south-westerly and north-easterly axis, parallel to the direction of its mountain chains. By reason of the latter fact the coast line is, on the whole, not greatly indented; and, as a consequence, New Zealand is not well endowed with natural harbours.

In the North Island, Auckland and Wellington are the only two safe natural harbours of which the fullest commercial use can be made. On the east coast of the North Auckland Peninsula several deep and sheltered harbours exist, but as production from the hinterland is limited they are of little economic consequence at present.

In the South Island the Marlborough Sounds and the West Coast Sounds form perfect land-locked harbours, but owing to their situations and to the rugged nature of the terrain they have—with the exception of Queen Charlotte Sound—little or no commercial utility. Where vital localities have not been endowed with ideal harbours it has been necessary to improve existing facilities by dredging and by breakwater construction, etc.

In this manner efficient ports, capable of accommodating overseas vessels, have been formed in Lyttelton, Otago, and Bluff harbours. On the west coast of both Islands the strong ocean drifts and high seas cause shoaling at river mouths and harbour entrances, while on the east coast of the South Island similar circumstances prevail, due to the large quantities of shingle brought down by the rivers being spread along the coast by ocean currents. The mountainous nature of the country makes the haulage of goods to and from the better equipped natural harbours both costly and difficult, and the construction and maintenance of further ports at various points along the coasts of both Islands has been necessary, either by dredging river mouths or by harbour-construction work.

In the North Island the higher mountains occupy approximately one-tenth of the surface; but, with the exception of the four volcanic peaks of Egmont 8, ft. Of these four volcanoes only the first named can be classed as dormant. Ruapehu was particularly active from March to the end of that year, being responsible for considerable deposits of volcanic ash over a very wide area, while spectacular activity was exhibited by Ngauruhoe in and again in and In both cases violent eruptions alternated with quieter periods. Other volcanoes include Mount Tarawera and White Island, each of which has, upon one occasion within historical times, erupted with disastrous consequences.

Closely connected with the volcanic system are the multitudinous hot springs and geysers. The mountain system of the North Island runs generally in a south-west direction, parallel to the coast, from East Cape to Cape Turakirae, and includes the following ranges from the north: Raukumara. Huiarau, Ruahine, Tararua, and Rimutaka. This chain is flanked on the west between the Huiarau and Ruahine by the Ahimanawa, Kaweka, and Kaimanawa ranges, while west of the Kaimanawa is the National Park volcanic group comprising Mounts Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, and Tongariro.

The Hauhangaroa and Rangitoto ranges run in a northerly direction from the National Park group. In the east the Colville and Moehau ranges parallel the length of the Coromandel Peninsula. Mount Egmont forms the only country above 4, ft.

The South Island is much more mountainous than the North, but shows fewer manifestations of recent volcanic activity. Along almost the entire length of the Island runs the massive chain known as the Southern Alps, which attains its greatest height in Mount Cook 12, ft. West and north-west of the main portion of the Southern Alps are the Victoria, Brunner, and Lyell ranges and the Tasman Mountains, the Victoria range being flanked by the Paparoa range.

To the north run the St. Arnaud and Raglan ranges, while to the north-east are the Spenser Mountains and the Kaikoura and Seaward Kaikoura ranges, the two latter ranges running parallel to the east coast. The south portion of the Southern Alps breaks up into a misceilany of ranges dominating the mountainous Fiord and north-western Southland regions. As might be expected, the higher mountains of the South Island have exerted a greater influence on the economic development of the country than those of the North Island.

For many years the Southern Alps were an effective barrier to communication by land between the east and west coasts, while their climatic effects on the Canterbury plains and Otago plateaux determined the types of cultivation undertaken. Moreover, the existence of much elevated open country led to the development of pastoral holdings on a large scale.

While the mountains in the North Island are not as high nor as extensive as those of the South Island, in the early days they effectively isolated various portions of the coastal plains and valleys.

Their effect on climatic conditions, however, is considerably less, the rainfall being more evenly distributed. Owing to this more even distribution of the rainfall, and to the existence of considerable areas of lower relief, the foothills of the mountain systems were heavily wooded, and so proved a hindrance to agrarian development. In the issue of the Year-Book a list was given, not claimed as exhaustive, of named peaks of 7, ft.

Below is a list of the peaks restricted to the four largest volcanic cones in the North Island and to mountains of a minimum height of 9, ft. The list has been compiled from various sources, and does not purport to be free from omissions. Of the glaciers the largest is the Tasman, which, with others of comparable size, rises in the more elevated area surrounding Mount Cook. On the western slope of the range, owing to the greater snow precipitation, the glaciers are more numerous and descend to lower levels, while the steeper slope gives them a more rapid rate of flow.

As will be realized, these glaciers are an important tourist attraction, and as such have definite economic significance. Moreover, those glaciers on the eastern slopes which feed rivers utilized for irrigation and hydro-electric purposes are valuable in that they help to ensure a steady volume of water throughout the year.

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Moreover, owing to the high relief of the country, they are mostly swift-flowing, while, as mentioned previously, nearly all are obstructed at their mouths by bars. For the purpose of internal communication, therefore, they are of little economic utility, and only in two or three isolated instances have they been thus consistently used.

With improved roading conditions, however, their traffic has become negligible even in these cases. As sources of hydro-electric power New Zealand rivers are of considerable importance, since their rapid rate of flow and dependable volume of ice-free water make them eminently suitable for this purpose.

The characteristics just mentioned are also important for purposes of irrigation, but, owing to the country's reliable rainfall, there are few areas other than in Canterbury and Otago where the rivers are so utilized. In the Year-Book appears an account of the rivers of New Zealand, and below is given a list of the more important ones.

For purposes of uniformity, the length of a river is taken to be the distance from the mouth to the farthest point in the system, whether this should happen to bear the same name or that of an affluent, and is inclusive of the estimated course of a river flowing into and emerging from any lake in the system. The discovery in that the beds of numerous rivers in the South Island contained extensive deposits of alluvial gold was of considerable importance in the economic development of the country.

Not only did it lead to an increase in population and in wealth, but, through the following of the numerous streams to their sources, it also led to the rapid exploration of large tracts of remote country. The exploitation of these deposits has been carried on with varying degrees of success up to the present time by both manual and mechanical means, but the amount of gold now extracted is comparatively small. A further factor in connection with the rivers is that, owing to the very successful acclimatization of fresh-water fish, notably trout, many of them now provide exceptionally fine fishing.

Surrounded by extremely rugged country the larger lakes of the South Island are distinguished by the grandeur of their alpine settings, while those of the North Island, situated on a volcanic plateau, are of interest by reason of the neighbouring thermal activity. Owing to the excellence of their fishing, the North Island lakes possess an added tourist attraction. In both Islands the larger lakes are situated at high altitudes, and their consequent remoteness renders them unsuitable as a means of communication.

In their functions as reservoirs the lakes of both Islands are of vital importance for the maintenance of the streams draining them and as a means of flood prevention. More especially is this the case where hydro-electric schemes are involved, Lakes Waikaremoana and Taupo in the North Island, and Lakes Coleridge. A series of narrow man-made lakes have been produced in connection with hydro-electric development along some of the rivers.

An article on the lakes of New Zealand will be found in the Year-Book. Some particulars of the more important are given in the following table. For more detailed information the reader is referred to the bulletins of the Geological Survey, and the many papers that have appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Seismicity and Earthquake Distribution. However, this is due to the occurrence of a large number of earthquakes of the semi-destructive type M. During the period , 82 destructive earthquakes are known to have occurred in New Zealand, 62 of which were of the semi-destructive type not exceeding intensity M.

Of the remainder 14 were of intensity M. The total number of earthquakes of all intensities, and the maximum intensity, reported felt in New Zealand in each of the years to were as follows. Abnormally large numbers of shocks occurred in , due to aftershocks of the Buller earthquake of 17 June The most important earthquake in occurred on 22 May, in which intensities up to M. Intensities up to M. The shock was perceptible at most places between Taumarunui and Banks Peninsula. Its epicentre was near lat.

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The instrumental magnitude was 6. No intensities above M. The epicentre was near lat. During the latter part of July there was a series of earthquakes in the Kawerau region, one of which reached intensity M. This shock was centred near lat. Series of shocks also occurred in the same region during April and September. At least one shock on 7 April reached M. It was also felt at Nelson M.

Other earthquakes reaching intensity M. In all, shocks were reported felt during ; 83 in the North Island and 31 in the South Island. Seven of these were felt in some part of both Islands. Regional Distribution. By combining early earthquake records with the more precise data of later years it is possible to divide the country roughly into four seismic regions.

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These regions are classified below, in order of seismicity. All areas of the North Island cast and south of an approximate line from the vicinity of Whakatane in the Bay of Plenty to the vicinity of Hawera in South Taranaki, and all areas of the South Island north of an approximate line from the vicinity of Hokitika on the West Coast, through the region of Lake Coleridge, to Banks Peninsula:.

Areas of the South Island, south of the boundary of region I:. The following table shows the average frequency of earthquakes in each of the four regions defined above. The boundaries between the seismic regions are not well defined, since one region generally merges more or less imperceptibly into another.

Further, seismic frequency is not uniform. This leads to the number of shocks being considerably above the average in some years and below it in others. The normal irregularity is increased by the occasional occurrence of earthquake swarms in certain regions.